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| Literature, Translation & the Int'l Exams ...... Managed by: Abbas Sharekian |
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Arthur Miller Arthur Miller was one of the leading American playwrights of the twentieth century. He was born in October 1915 in New York City to a women's clothing manufacturer, who lost everything in the economic collapse of the 1930s. Living through young adulthood during the Great Depression, Miller was shaped by the poverty that surrounded him. The Depression demonstrated to the playwright the fragility and vulnerability of human existence in the modern era. After graduating from high school, Miller worked in a warehouse so that he could earn enough money to attend the University of Michigan, where he began to write plays. Miller's first play to make it to Broadway, The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944), was a dismal failure, closing after only four performances. This early setback almost discouraged Miller from writing completely, but he gave himself one more try. Three years later, All My Sons won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award as the best play of 1947, launching Miller into theatrical stardom. All My Sons, a drama about a manufacturer of faulty war materials, was strongly influenced by the naturalist drama of Henrik Ibsen. Along with Death of a Salesman (his most enduring success), All My Sons and The Man Who Had All the Luck form a thematic trilogy of plays about love triangles involving fathers and sons. The drama of the family is at the core of all of Miller's major plays, but nowhere is it more prominent than in the realism of All My Sons and the impressionism of Death of a Salesman. Death of a Salesman (1949) secured Miller's reputation as one of the nation's foremost playwrights. Death of a Salesman mixes the tradition of social realism that informs most of Miller's work with a more experimental structure that includes fluid leaps in time as the protagonist, Willy Loman, drifts into memories of his sons as teenagers. Loman represents an American archetype, a victim of his own delusions of grandeur and obsession with success, which haunt him with a sense of failure. Miller won a Tony Award for Death of a Salesman as well as a Pulitzer Prize. The play has been frequently revived in film, television, and stage versions that have included actors such as Dustin Hoffman, George C. Scott and, most recently, Brian Dennehy in the part of Willy Loman. Miller followed Death of a Salesman with his most politically significant work, The Crucible (1953), a tale of the Salem witch trials that contains obvious analogies to the McCarthy anti-Communist hearings in 1950s America. The highly controversial nature of the politics of The Crucible, which lauds those who refuse to name names, led to the play's mixed response. In later years, however, it has become one of the most studied and performed plays of American theater. Three years after The Crucible, in 1956, Miller found himself persecuted by the very force that he warned against, when he was called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Miller refused to name people he allegedly saw at a Communist writers' meeting a decade before, and he was convicted of contempt. He later won an appeal. Also in 1956, Miller married actress Marilyn Monroe. The two divorced in 1961, one year before her death. That year Monroe appeared in her last film, The Misfits, which is based on an original screenplay by Miller. After divorcing Monroe, Miller wed Ingeborg Morath, to whom he remained married until his death in 2005. The pair had a son and a daughter. Miller also wrote the plays A Memory of Two Mondays and the short A View from the Bridge, which were both staged in 1955. His other works include After the Fall (1964), a thinly veiled account of his marriage to Monroe, as well as The Price (1967), The Archbishop's Ceiling (1977), and The American Clock (1980). His most recent works include the plays The Ride Down Mt. Morgan (1991), The Last Yankee (1993), and Broken Glass (1993), which won the Olivier Award for Best Play. Although Miller did not write frequently for film, he did pen an adaptation for the 1996 film version of The Crucible starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Winona Ryder, which garnered him an Academy Award nomination. Miller's daughter Rebecca married Day-Lewis in 1996. |
 Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice had a long and varied life before it finally saw publication on January 28, 1813. Austen began the book, originally titled First Impressions, in 1796. Her father submitted it to a London publisher the following year, but the manuscript was rejected. Austen continued to work on the book, and scholars report that the story remained a favorite with the close circle of friends, relations, and acquaintances she took into her confidence. She probably continued working on First Impressions after her family relocated to Bath in 1801 and did not stop revising and rewriting until after the deaths of both her father and a close friend in 1805. After this point Austen seems to have given up writing for almost five years. She had resumed work on the book by 1811, scholars report, and the final product appeared anonymously in London bookstalls early in 1813.
The critical history of Pride and Prejudice was just as varied as the evolution of the novel itself. At the time the novel was published in the early nineteenth century, most respected critical opinion was strongly biased against novels and novelists. Although only three contemporary reviews of Pride and Prejudice are known to exist, they are all remarkably complimentary. Anonymous articles in the British Critic and the Critical Review praised the author's characterization and her portrayal of domestic life. Additional early commentary exists in the diaries and letters of such prominent contemporary readers as Mary Russell Mitford and Henry Crabb Robinson, both of whom admired the work's characters, realism, and freedom from the trappings of Gothic fiction. After this period, however, criticism of Pride and Prejudice, and of Austen's works as a whole, largely disappeared. With the exception of two posthumous appreciations of Austen's work as a whole by Sir Walter Scott and Archbishop Richard Whateley, very little Austen criticism appeared until 1870.
In 1870, James Edward Austen-Leigh, son of Jane Austen's brother James, published A Memoir of Jane Austen by Her Nephew. This biography was the first major study of Austen as a person and as an artist, and it marked the beginning of a new era in Austen criticism. Although most critics no longer accept its conclusion that Austen was an "amateur genius" whose works were largely unconscious productions of her fertile imagination, it nonetheless performed a valuable service by bringing Austen and her works back into critical attention, Modem critical opinion of Austen began with the publication in 1939 of Mary Lascelles's Jane Austen and Her Art, which escaped from the Victorian portrait of Austen put forth by Austen-Leigh.
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بهار در شعر فارسیآمد بهار خرم و آمد رسول یار مستیم و عاشقیم و خماریم و بیقرار
از دیگر سو ادبیات رسانه عواطف واحساسات بشر است و چنانچه این مقوله را به عنوان یک کلیت در نظر بگیریم احساسات آدمی به طبیعت و پدیده های مربوط به آن می تواند به عنوان جزیی از این کل محسوب گردد.
نیاز به آوردن دلیل برای این مدعا نیست چه آن دسته از آثار ادبی که به وصف طبیعت می پردازد در اکثر دواوین شاعران وبزرگان ادبی ما به چشم می خورد تا آنجا که بسیاری از آثار نغز بجا مانده درادب فارسی تبدیل به تابلوی منحصر به فردی از طبیعت شده ونمایی زیبا ازجلوه های طبیعی را پیشکش مخاطب می گرداند. به عنوان مثال خاقانی دراین بیت آمدن صبح و پرتوافشانی خورشید برکوهساران را اینگونه به تصویر می کشد: شب چاه بیژن بسته سر، مشرق گشاده زال زر خون سیاووشان نگر بر خاک و خارا ریخته
خاقانی خورشید مشرق را به زال زر تشبیه می کند که ناجی بیژن از چاه اراسیاب که به شب تشبیه شده می باشد وسرخی حاصل از پرتو افشانی خورشید را به خون سیاووش شبیه می داند که برکوه صحرا پاشیده وحاصل همه اینها تابلویی شگفت است که رفتن شب و آمدن صبح را به تصویر می کشد یا فرخی سیستانی که او نیز در به تصویرکشیدن طبیعت درشعر استادی بی بدیل است در توصیف آسمان ابری می گوید : توگفتی گرد زنگاراست بر آیینه چینی توگوی موی سنجاب است برپیروزه گون دیبا
هرمصرع از این بیت تصویری جداگانه است که هریک آسمان ابری را به بهترین صورت به مخاطب عرضه می دارد در اولی سخن از لایه ای از زنگ زدگی است که بر سطح آیینه نشسته است دومی حکایت از آن دارد که موی خاکستری سنجاب برحریری پیروزه رنگ افتاده است. ادامه مطلب |
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English in 20 Minute a Day
Download CD 1 (Size: 6.8MB) Download CD 2 (Size: 10.4MB) Download CD 3 (Size: 9.9MB) Download CD 4 (Size: 12.7MB) ِDownload CD 5 (Size: 11.7MB) Download CD 6 (Size: 12.9MB) |
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شناخت اساطیر ایران نویسنده:جان هینلز مترجمان: ژاله آموزگار - احمد تفضلی
با اجرای بسیار زیبای فرید حسینی زمان کل: ۴ ساعت و ۱۸ دقیقه |
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Martin Heidegger
After studying with Husserl, Martin Heidegger undertook an academic career in Germany, lecturing with great success both in Marburg and at the University of Freiburg, where he served as Rector in 1933-34. During this period, Heidegger not only cooperated with the educational policies of the National Socialist government but also offered it his enthusiastic public support. As a result, Heidegger was suspended from all teaching duties in the post-war era from 1945 to 1950. The nature and extent of his sympathies for Nazi ideology remain matters of some dispute. Heidegger's Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) (1927) applied the methods of phenomenology to ontology, in an effort to comprehend the meaning of "Being" both in general and as it appears concretely. This led Heidegger to a conception of human existence as active participation in the world, "being-there" {Ger. Dasein}, despite its inherent limitations and the threat of inauthenticity. H eidegger's most familiar themes are evident in The Basic Problems of Phenomenology (1927) and EinFührung in die Metaphysik (Introduction to Metaphysics) (1953). "Hegel and the Greeks" is a sample of Heidegger's reflections on the history of philosophy.
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Poetry of Kostas Kariotakis آرشیو پیوندهای روزانه |
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